Molekularzytogenetische Untersuchungen an Nierenzelltumoren des Menschen

Nierenkarzinome (NZK) des Erwachsenenalters weisen nebenhistologisch-zytologischen Merkmalen typische genetischeCharakteristika auf, die mit dem biologischen Verhalten derTumorzellen korrelieren. Der Nachweis genomischerVeränderungen wird zur Diagnostik und Prognoseeinschätzungvon Tumoren herangezogen. Für die untersuchtenNierentumorerkrankungen wurden lediglich das vonHippel-Lindau Tumorsuppressorgen (VHL) auf Chromosom 3 oderdas MET Proto-Onkogen auf Chromosom 7 als gesichertepathogenetische Faktoren in der Entstehung von NZKidentifiziert. Die vorliegende Arbeit leistet einen Beitragzur molekularen Charakterisierung derNierentumor-Pathogenese. Die gewählten Ansätze umfassen: (A)Die Analyse 91 primärer Nierentumoren mit CGH (comparativegenomic hybridization), (B) die Untersuchung chromosomalerBruchpunkte eines komplex rearrangierten, familiärenNZK-Falles und (C) die Charakterisierung umschriebenerGenomveränderungen im Bereich des VHL-Lokus auf Chromosom 3p25 .(A) Chromosomen-Aberrationen wurden identifiziert undeingegrenzt. Das Auftreten spezifischer chromosomalerAberrationen konnte mit dem dokumentierten Krankheitsverlaufassoziiert werden. Die als progressionsassoziiert oderprognoserelevant identifizierten Chromosomen(bereiche)5(q22-qter), 4, 10, 14q, 17, 6, 8, 9, 12 können alsAusgangspunkte für eine Suche nach subtypspezifischen,relevanten Tumorgenen dienen. (B) Chromosomenanalysen einerFamilie mit Veranlagung für das klarzellige NZK belegteneine Translokation zwischen den Chromosomen 3 und 8 imperipheren Patientenblut. Weitere molekularzytogenetischeUntersuchungen deckten ein komplexes chromosomalesRearrangement t(3;8)(q13.1;p21.1) auf. (C) DieFeinkartierung der Region um den VHL-Genlokus istinsbesondere bei Tumoren ohne molekulargenetischnachzuweisenden VHL-Verlust erforderlich. Zur Identifikationweiterer in dieser Region kartierender, evtl. ko-deletierterTumorsuppressor-Kandidatengene, wurden genomische(PAC)-Sonden isoliert, charakterisiert und zurDeletionskartierung eingesetzt.

Comparative genomic sequencing analysis of a region in human chromosome 11p15.3, mouse chromosome 7 and analysis of the novel STK33, Stk33 gene

The comparative genomic sequence analysis of a region in human chromosome 11p15.3 and its homologous segment in mouse chromosome 7 between ST5 and LMO1 genes has been performed. 158,201 bases were sequenced in the mouse and compared with the syntenic region in human, partially available in the public databases. The analysed region exhibits the typical eukaryotic genomic structure and compared with the close neighbouring regions, strikingly reflexes the mosaic pattern distribution of (G+C) and repeats content despites its relative short size. Within this region the novel gene STK33 was discovered (Stk33 in the mouse), that codes for a serine/threonine kinase. The finding of this gene constitutes an excellent example of the strength of the comparative sequencing approach. Poor gene-predictions in the mouse genomic sequence were corrected and improved by the comparison with the unordered data from the human genomic sequence publicly available. Phylogenetical analysis suggests that STK33 belongs to the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases group and seems to be a novelty in the chordate lineage. The gene, as a whole, seems to evolve under purifying selection whereas some regions appear to be under strong positive selection. Both human and mouse versions of serine/threonine kinase 33, consists of seventeen exons highly conserved in the coding regions, particularly in those coding for the core protein kinase domain. Also the exon/intron structure in the coding regions of the gene is conserved between human and mouse. The existence and functionality of the gene is supported by the presence of entries in the EST databases and was in vivo fully confirmed by isolating specific transcripts from human uterus total RNA and from several mouse tissues. Strong evidence for alternative splicing was found, which may result in tissue-specific starting points of transcription and in some extent, different protein N-termini. RT-PCR and hybridisation experiments suggest that STK33/Stk33 is differentially expressed in a few tissues and in relative low levels. STK33 has been shown to be reproducibly down-regulated in tumor tissues, particularly in ovarian tumors. RNA in-situ hybridisation experiments using mouse Stk33-specific probes showed expression in dividing cells from lung and germinal epithelium and possibly also in macrophages from kidney and lungs. Preliminary experimentation with antibodies designed in this work, performed in parallel to the preparation of this manuscript, seems to confirm this expression pattern. The fact that the chromosomal region 11p15 in which STK33 is located may be associated with several human diseases including tumor development, suggest further investigation is necessary to establish the role of STK33 in human health.

Breakpoint analysis of human chromosome 3 inversions during hominoid evolution

Comparative fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) mapping revealed four large DNA segments which have been conserved in their entirety between human chromosome 3 and Bornean orangutan chromosome 2 as well as three evolutionary breakpoints which distinguish between the human and Bornean orangutan chromosome forms. Examination of the structural and functional features of evolutionary breakpoints provides new insights into the possible effects of evolutionary rearrangements on genome function and the relationship between human chromosome pathology and evolution. FISH of human BAC clones which were assesssed in human genomic sequence to primate chromosomes, combined with precise breakpoint localizations by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of flow-sorted chromosomes and in silico analysis, were used to characterize the evolutionary breakpoints. None of the three breakpoints studied disrupts a validated gene(s), however they are all associated with segmental duplications. At least eleven DNA segments (&a

Genomisches Imprinting Beckwith-Wiedemann-Syndrom assoziierter Gene

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde das Imprinting von Genen der Chromosomenregion 11p15.5 des Menschen und des orthologen murinen Abschnitts 7F5 untersucht. Bei der Analyse der humanen Gene H19, IGF2 und KCNQ1OT1 stand deren Regulation durch differentiell methylierte Regionen (DMR) und die Identifizierung von Methylierungsfehlern bei Patienten mit Verdacht auf Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrom (BWS) im Vordergrund. Hierzu wurden unmethylierte Cytosinnukleotide durch Bisulfitbehandlung in Uracilnukleotide umgewandelt und PCR-amplifizierte DNA-Fragmente sequenziert. Die elterliche Herkunft der Allele wurde mit Hilfe von Einzelnukleotidpolymorphismen (SNP) bestimmt. Während in der H19-Promotorregion in Lymphozyten eine nur tendenziell allelspezifische Methylierung festgestellt werden konnte, wurde im B1-Repeat der H19/IGF2-Region in allen Kontroll- und 20 Patienten-DNAs eine spezifische Methylierung des väterlichen Allels nachgewiesen. Vier BWS-DNAs zeigten hingegen eine nahezu vollständige Hypomethylierung. In der zwe

In vivo consequences of AML1-ETO fusion protein expression for hematopoiesis

The t(8;21) (q22;q22) translocation fusing the ETO (also known as MTG8) gene on human chromosome 8 with the AML1 (also called Runx1 or CBFα) gene on chromosome 21 is one of the most common genetic aberrations found in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This chromosomal translocation occurs in 12 % of de novo AML cases and in up to 40 % of the AML-M2 subtype of the French-American-British classification. To date, the in vivo function of aberrant AML1-ETO fusion protein expression has been investigated by several groups. However, in these studies, controversial results were reported and some key issues remain unknown. Importantly, the consequences of aberrant AML1-ETO expression for self-renewing hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), multipotent hematopoietic progenitors (MPPs) and lineage-restricted precursors are not known. rn The aim of this thesis was to develop a novel experimental AML1-ETO in vivo model that (i) overcomes the current lack of insight into the pre-leukemic condition of t(8;21)-associated AML, (ii) clarifies the in vivo consequences of AML1-ETO for HSCs, MPPs, progenitors and more mature blood cells and (iii) generates an improved mouse model suitable for mirroring the human condition. For this purpose, a conditional tet on/off mouse model expressing the AML1-ETO fusion protein from the ROSA26 (R26) locus was generated. rn Aberrant AML1-ETO activation in compound ROSA26/tetOAML1-ETO (R26/AE) mice caused high rates of mortality, an overall disruption of hematopoietic organs and a profound alteration of hematopoiesis. However, since the generalized activity of the R26 locus did not recapitulate the leukemic condition found in human patients, it was important to restrict AML1-ETO expression to blood cell lineages. Therefore, bone marrow cells from non-induced R26/AE mice were adoptively transplanted into sublethal irradiated RAG2-/- recipient mice. First signs of phenotypical differences between AML1-ETO-expressing and control mice were observed after eight to nine months of transgene induction. AML1-ETO-expressing mice showed profound changes in hematopoietic organs accompanied by manifest extramedullary hematopoiesis. In addition, a block in early erythropoiesis, B- and T-cell maturation was observed and granulopoiesis was significantly enhanced. Most interestingly, conditional activation of AML1-ETO in chimeric mice did not increase HSCs, MPPs, common lymphoid precursors (CLPs), common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) and megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitors (MEPs) but promoted the selective amplification of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (GMPs). rn The results of this thesis provide clear experimental evidence how aberrant AML1-ETO modulates the developmental properties of normal hematopoiesis and establishes for the first time that AML1-ETO does not increase HSCs, MPPs and common lineage-restricted progenitor pools but specifically amplifies GMPs. The here presented mouse model not only clarifies the role of aberrant AML1-ETO for shaping hematopoietic development but in addition has strong implications for future therapeutic strategies and will be an excellent pre-clinical tool for developing and testing new approaches to treat and eventually cure AML.rn